PREMINUM POWER CORP.

Defense

ENGERGY SAVINGS FOR SILENT CAMPTM HYBRID TECHNOLOGIES UTILIZING THE ZINC-BROMIDE FLOW BATTERY (REGENERATIVE FUEL CELL) Concept Base camps could benefit from a Silent CampTM operation, in which power is supplied via low noise, low impact methods such as fuel cells. The basic concept is to load the diesel generator to its optimal load profile during daytime operation and store whatever power isnt being consumed by the camps load. Then during night-time loads shut down the generator and pull the stored power to run camp operations silently. This will greatly improve the generator efficiency and provide the added benefit of silent operation. The Zinc-Flow electro-chemical Advanced Energy Storage System manufactured by Premium Power Corporation is based on a zinc bromide regenerative fuel cell (or flow battery) which was pioneered by Exxon R&E in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Within the Premium Power zinc bromide energy storage system, electrolyte is pumped from two electrolyte reservoirs through individual stack half-cells in two circuits, one for anode half-cells and the other for cathode half-cells. When the zinc bromide energy storage system is charged, zinc ions are reduced to metal on the anodes and bromide ions are oxidized to molecular bromine on the cathodes. Thereby, the anolyte and catholyte develop different compositions. A high porosity polyethylene separator lies between the anode and cathode. The separator is made of plastic with micro-particles of silica impregnated into it. The separators holes are small enough that they allow bromide ions to pass, but not zinc ions. The reversible electrochemical reactions occurring in the zinc bromide cell are: Zn ? Zn+2 + 2 e- Br2 + 2 e- ? 2 Br-1 Thesje reactions yield an individual unit cell potential of about 1.8 V. In simple terms, the zinc bromide regenerative fuel cell plates zinc metal out of solution (electrolyte) during system charge and de-plates zinc metal back into solution during system discharge. As zinc is reduced during the charging process and oxidized during the discharge process, the cell fuel is reconstituted or regenerated. This is why organizations such as the Electricity Storage Association (ESA) and Energy Storage Council commonly have classified zinc bromide energy storage technology as a regenerative fuel cell.