Every filing period on record, as reported. One column per filed period — a period with no column is a period with no filing, not a zero.
Basis · Amendments and terminations supersede the original report for the same registrant, client and period, so a revised quarter is counted once at its latest filed value. Registration-only filings carry no activity money and are excluded from these totals.
Who lobbies for them
Every outside firm that has filed on this client's behalf, by fees reported.
This record groups every filed spelling of the client's name into one entity, so "MERCK & CO., INC." and "MERCK & CO INC" read as the same company. The grouping is the client's normalized name — organizations that file under genuinely different names appear separately. Handle: elio-motors.
Reading this · LD-2 reports a hired firm's fee and a registrant's reported expenses on separate lines and never both on one filing, so the two lists above are different quantities and are ranked separately rather than against each other. Firm names link to their own record as the firms chapter lands.
2 filings
$100K on those filings
Note · A filing names one to several issue areas and reports a single dollar figure for the period, so the same money appears beside every issue that filing declares. The dollar column is therefore spend on filings that named this issue — it is not a split of the total, and these figures sum above it. Filing counts do not double-count.
115th Congress
Autocycle Safety Act
5 filingsthrough 2018
H.R. 6072115th CongressTransportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 20193 filingsthrough 2018
S. 1224115th CongressBUILD Resilience Act of 20171 filingthrough 2017
How these are found · Bill references are extracted from the free-text activity description each filing writes, then matched to the Congress in session that filing year. A reference we can't match to a bill on file is still shown, unlinked — we cite what the filing said rather than guess at what it meant. Naming a bill is not a position on it: LD-2 records that a client lobbied on the bill, never which side.
3 filings
through 2017
Jonathan BeckerInvariant LLCCovered position: Chief of Staff, Senator Amy Klobuchar; Chief Counsel, Senator Amy Klobuchar3 filingsthrough 2017
Robert HoffmanInvariant LLCCovered position: Legislative Director/ Acting Chief of Staff, Senator Mike DeWine; Legislative Director, Senator Larry Pressler3 filingsthrough 2017
Ryan O'DwyerTurnberry Solutions, LLCCovered position: See prior filing2 filingsthrough 2018
Benjamin KleinInvariant LLCCovered position: Legislative Director, Senator Byron Dorgan; Legislative Assistant, Senator Byron Dorgan1 filingthrough 2016
Covered positions · 7 of 8 lobbyists named on these filings disclosed a prior government post. The text is reproduced exactly as filed.
